Phrasal verbs Reading Synonims

Фразові дієслова

TEST 1

 Study the table. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the suitable phrasal verb.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
break in	to enter by force	вдиратися; встрявати, втручатися
break out	to escape	втекти (із в’язниці)
break up	to end a relationship	розходитися (про компанію, збори тощо); припинити стосунки
break down	to stop operating	зламатися

 1. The car __________________ so they were late for work.

2. Mary and Paul __________________ last week.

3. The robbers __________________ and stole a lot of money.

4. The prisoner __________________ of jail but the police arrested him soon after.

5. I lost my keys so I had to __________________ my house.

6. The bus __________________ and the driver had to call the mechanic.

7. Tom __________________ with his girlfriend.

8. Three men __________________ of prison.

TEST 2

 Study the table. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the suitable phrasal verb.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
come round	to visit	заходити ненадовго
come down	to become less; be reduced	падати (про сніг, дощ); спускатися, опускатися
come across	to find / see by chance	(випадково) зустріти когось, наштовхнутися на щось
come out	to be published, released	виходити; з’являтися (у пресі)

 1. Her new book of poetry is __________________ at the end of the year.

2. The prices __________________ during the sales.

3. __________________ any time after school. I’ll be waiting for you.

4. He was looking for a shirt at the department store when he __________________ that cowboy hat.

5. The price of the jacket __________________ so I decided to buy it.

6. They waited for the new cartoon to __________________.

TEST 3

 Study the table. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the suitable phrasal verb.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
give in	to agree to something you don’t want to do	поступатися
give up	to stop, abandon an attempt/habit	відмовлятися від, залишати
give away	reveal	виказувати; виявляти; зраджу­вати
give out	to become exhausted, fail	бути виснаженим, неспромож­ним

 1. He __________________ smoking last year.

2. She didn’t __________________ my secret.

3. Yesterday our washing machine __________________.

4. My parents __________________ and allowed me to take a dog as a pet.

5. Nelly’s parents finally __________________ and let her go to the party.

6. I was terribly angry with Sally for __________________ my secret.

7. Fred __________________ playing football because he injured his leg.

8. Our microwave oven finally __________________. We’ll have to buy a new one.

TEST 4

 Study the table. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the suitable phrasal verb.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
look after	to take care of	наглядати за, піклуватися про
look for	to search	шукати
look up	to find a word, number	шукати (щось у довіднику)
look out	to be careful	бути насторожі
look forward to	to anticipate	чекати з нетерпінням

 1. We asked the neighbour to __________________ the cat when we are away.

2. I am really __________________ to meeting you.

3. __________________! The bus is coming.

4. If I don’t know the word, I __________________ it __________________ in the dictionary.

5. What are you __________________? - My pen.

6. I didn’t have time to __________________ the number in the telephone directory.

7. __________________! There is a shark behind you!

8. Excuse me! I am __________________ Mr Wilson.

9. Could you __________________ my little daughter tonight?

10. The cafe is __________________ the waiter.

TEST 5

 Study the table. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the suitable phrasal verb.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
make up	to invent	виготовляти; вигадувати
make up for	to compensate	компенсувати
make for	to go forward	прямувати, простувати до
make out	to distinguish; fill in	розбирати; розуміти; заповнити

 1. It was very hard to climb the mountain but they decided to __________________ the top.

2. We found the letter but couldn’t __________________ what was written in it.

3. I need your name to __________________ the check.

4. Who’s __________________ this story?

5. I’d like to __________________ this application.

6. When the teacher arrived Mike __________________ the door very quickly.

7. Fred said he was sorry and told Sally he would ______________________________________ missing her party.

8. Please, speak a bit louder. I cannot __________________ what you are saying.

TEST 6

 Study the table. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the suitable phrasal verb.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
pick at	to take small amounts	вертіти в руках, їсти маленькими шматками
pick on	to treat sb badly	надокучати
pick up	to collect sb	підвозити (когось)
pick out	to choose	висмикувати; вибирати

 1. Father __________________ me __________________ after school.

2. He didn’t eat much. He __________________ his food.

3. The trainer __________________ the most expensive book from the list.

4. The girls always __________________ Jill and called her names.

5. My granddad said that he’s __________________ me __________________ from school if it’s rain.

6. The tourists looked around and __________________ a nice place for the camp.

7. She wasn’t hungry so she __________________ the food.

8. They __________________ Sam because they didn’t like him.

TEST 7

 Study the table. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the suitable phrasal verb.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
take after	to resemble	бути схожим на когось
take off	to leave the ground	злітати, відриватися від землі
take up	to begin a new activity	братися (до чогось)
take out	to take somebody as your guest to a restaurant	запросити, повести (до ресторану)

 1. Не __________________ golf as a hobby.

2. Our flight didn’t __________________ on time.

3. We are __________________ the Smith __________________ tonight.

4. Sam doesn’t look like his father. He must __________________ his mother.

5. Let me __________________ you __________________ to dinner tonight.

6. Our plane __________________ at 1 p.m.

7. My granddaughter __________________ my son.

8. Jerry __________________ ice skating in his free time.

TEST 8

 Study the table. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the suitable phrasal verb.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
turn on	to switch on	відкривати (кран, шлюз); вмикати (світло)
turn off	to switch off	закрити (кран); вимкнути (світло)
turn into	to change	повернути
turn up	to increase level or sound	збільшити (про звук)
turn down	to reduce level or sound	зменшувати (світло)
turn down	to reject	відкидати (пропозицію)

 1. __________________ the TV __________________ when you leave the room.

2. __________________ the computer __________________ so we can see how it works.

3. __________________ the CD player __________________. I can’t hear the words.

4. The frog __________________ a nice prince.

5. We __________________ the music __________________ when it’s too loud.

6. He __________________ the proposal.

7. They didn’t __________________ the heating even when it was very cold.

8. Ann __________________ a very beautiful woman.

TEST 9

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
hang up	to put on a hook, hanger	повісити; відкладати в довгий ящик
hang around	to associate with (someone) loiter; wait around	бути поблизу, вештатися
hang about	to waste time; loiter	оточувати; вештатися; нависати, загрожувати
hang back	to remain behind; to show reluctance to act or move	не наважуватися відступати
hang together	to remain associated; help or support each other	триматися гурту, підтримувати один одного

 1. Stephen __________________ for fear of being seen.

2. Undercover officers spent most of their time __________________ bars.

3. European neighbours will __________________ from this.

4. Please __________________ your coat.

5. His good shirt’s ironed and __________________.

6. Your statements don’t quite __________________.

7. If you ____________ on someone you are speaking to on the phone, you end the phone call suddenly and unexpectedly.  8. John __________________ with the thugs.

TEST 10

 Study the table. Complete the sentences with the correct form of the suitable phrasal verb.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
pay back	to repay; to give or do (something equivalent) in return	повертати (гроші), відплачувати
pay down	to pay (a sum of money) at the time of purchase	платити готівкою
pay out	to distribute (money)	виплачувати, відплачувати
pay off	to pay the complete amount of (a debt, bill, etc.)	розраховуватися; розплачуватися сповна

1. He burst into tears, swearing to __________________ everything he had stolen.

2. Some day I’ll __________________ you __________________ for this!

3. All the hard work I had done over the summer was __________________.

4. Many policies __________________ only after a period of weeks or months.

5. There are football clubs who __________________ millions of pounds for players.

6. She __________________ at the time of purchase.

TEST 11

Study the table and complete the given sentences with the appropriate particles.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
get at	to criticize someone in an unkind way	критикувати
get around	to travel to a lot of different places; if news or information gets around, a lot of people hear about it	пересуватися; ставати відомим
get back	to return to a place after you have been somewhere else	повертатися
get on	if two or more people get on, they like each other and are friendly to each other	ладити; жити у злагоді
get up	to stand up	вставати, підводитися

1. The whole audience got __________________ and started clapping.

2. It’s a shame she doesn’t get __________________ better with her colleagues.

3. By the time we got __________________ to the hotel, Lydia had already left.

4. I keep having to get __________________ to answer the phone.

5. What time did you get __________________ last night?

6. Do James and your father get __________________ together?

7. I think she felt a bit got __________________ during the meeting.

8. The letter was at home waiting for me when I got __________________ from work.

9. Spain, Germany and Italy in one month? You certainly get __________________!

10. I don’t want it to get __________________ that I’m leaving.

11. Sue and I have always got __________________ well.

12. He keeps getting __________________ me and I really don’t know what I’ve done wrong.

TEST 12

 Study the table and complete the given sentences with the appropriate particles.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
go about	to start to do something or deal with something	почати щось робити; мати спра­ву з чимось
go along	to go to a place or to an event, usually informally and without careful planning	іти, рухатися (без попереднього плану)
go into	to start an activity, or start to be in a particular state or condition	зайнятися чимось
go on	to continue to exist or happen	продовжувати; відбуватися, траплятися
go through	to experience an unpleasant or difficult situation or event	пройти наскрізь; іти напролом

 1. A new model of the car has just gone __________________ production.

2. She went __________________ absolute hell during her divorce.

3. ’Do you use the bar much?’ ’I sometimes go __________________ after work.’

4. The music festival goes __________________ until August 31.

5. How can we go __________________ solving this problem?

6. Let’s hope the situation will go __________________ improving.

7. He was in first place as he went __________________ the final.

8. The war had been going __________________ for three years and there was still no sign of peace.

9. I thought I might go __________________ to the party for an hour or so.

10. I’d like to help, but what’s the best way to go __________________ it?

TEST 13

Word	Definition	Translation
make for	to cause a particular result or situation	сприяти; прямувати до
make off	to leave somewhere quickly, especially in order to escape	тікати, втікати
make out	to understand something, especially the reason why some­thing has happened; to write all the necessary information on an official document [e.g. cheque, application, ticket]	зрозуміти; розібрати; побачити; розрізнити складати (список, запо­віт); виписувати (чек, свідоцтво);
make up	to forgive someone who you have argued with and to become friendly with them again; to say or write something that is not true [e.g. excuse, report, story] in order to deceive someone; to invent something [e.g. story, game]	помирити, помиритися, примирити; складати; збирати; видумувати, вигадувати
make over	to give money or possessions to someone in an official way, so that they own them legally; to change something in order to make it look different or use it for a different purpose; to give somebody a different appearance by changing their clothes, hair, etc.	віддавати у користування офіційно; переробляти

 1. Не made __________________ his fortune to his wife.

2. We argue a lot, but we always have fun making __________________!

3. The burglars made __________________ as soon as the police arrived.

4. Make the cheque __________________ to D. Glennon.

5. I’d made __________________ some story about having to go home to see my sick mother.

6. Ironically, food rationing made __________________ a healthier population.

7. We’re making __________________ the playroom into an additional bedroom.

8. Can you make __________________ how they did it?

9. Sometimes I’ll read her a story from a book and sometimes I’ll make one _________________

10. Have you made __________________ with Daryl yet?

11. Nobody can make __________________ what their motives were.

12. Poor service does not make __________________ satisfied customers.

TEST 14

 Study the table and complete the given sentences with the appropriate particles.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
put away	to put something in the place where it is usually kept; to save an amount of money	забирати, ховати; відкладати, збирати (гроші)
put in	to say something while someone else is speaking	переривати, втручатися (у розмову)
put off	to decide or arrange to do something at a later time	відкладати, відстрочувати
put on	to put a piece of clothing onto your body; to put make-up or cream onto your skin; to make a device [e.g. light, fire] work by pressing a switch; to pretend to have a particular feeling, or to behave in a way which is not real or natural for you	надягати; запускати, вмикати, пускати в хід, набрати вигляду, робити вигляд, прикидатися; за­даватися; удавати, строїти з себе; наносити (крем)
put up with	to accept unpleasant behaviour or an unpleasant situation, even though you do not like it	терпіти, миритися; примиритися

 1. I can put __________________ a house being untidy but I don’t like it to be dirty.

2. Put your coat __________________ if you’re going outside, it’s cold.

3. I’ve put __________________ talking to him about this for far too long.

4. I try to put a little __________________ every month.

5. She put __________________ her glasses and stared intently at the photograph.

6. He’s impossible! How do you put __________________ him?

7. What time do you want me to put the oven __________________?

8. Anthea often puts __________________ a funny voice w'hen she answers the phone.

9. I’ll wash and dry the dishes, if you put them __________________.

10. Is there a mirror somewhere? I need to put my make-up __________________.

11. ’But I don’t think she’s the right person for the job’, she put __________________.

12. They had decided to put the wedding __________________ until her brother came home from abroad.

TEST 15

Study the table and complete the given sentences with the appropriate particles.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
see about	to deal with something, or to arrange for something to be done	мати справу з чимось; владнати
see off	to go to the place that someone is leaving from in order to say goodbye	проводжати (тих, хто від’їжджає)
see through	to realize the truth about somebody/ something	розгадувати, розпізнавати, бачити наскрізь
see over	to examine a building in order to decide if you want to buy it	знайомитися, детально оглядати

1. You should see __________________ getting your hair cut.

2. Some people are coming to see __________________ our house tomorrow.

3. We saw __________________ him from the start.

4. They have decided not to see us __________________.

5. It’s getting late — I’d better see __________________ dinner.

6. My parents came to the airport to see me __________________.

7. I’m not sure, but I’ll see __________________ the cost of renting a van.

8. We need to see __________________ the house before we can make you an offer.

9. I must see __________________ lunch.

10. I can see __________________ your little game.

TEST 16

 Study the table and complete the given sentences with the appropriate particles.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
stand about/ around/round	to spend time standing in a place waiting for someone or doing very little	стояти, знаходитися (без особливої мети)
stand by	to wait and be ready to do something or to help	бути в(бойовій) готовності
stand out	to be much better than other similar things or people	виділятися; вигідно відрізнятися
stand up	to rise from a sitting or lying position to a standing position	піднятися

 1. I stood __________________ to greet her.

2. Two books stand __________________ among the dozens recently published on the Royal Family.

3. We had a lot of good applicants for the job, but one stood __________________ from the rest.

4. Police in riot gear were standing in __________________ case the demonstration got out of control.

5. The pilot told the cabin crew to stand __________________ for takeoff.

6. We stood __________________ in the cold for half an hour before we were allowed in.

7. After the lecture, we stood __________________ chatting and drinking coffee.

8. How can you stand __________________ and see him accused of something he didn’t do?

9. There were no seats left so I had to stand __________________.

10. You’ll look taller if you stand __________________ straight.

TEST 17

 Study the table and complete the given sentences with the appropriate particles.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
wear off	to disappear gradually (of feelings)	пом’якшуватися, проходити (про горе); згладжуватися
wear down	to make someone feel tired and less able to deal with a situation	послаблювати, вимотувати
wear out	to use something so much that it becomes weak or damaged and cannot be used any more	зношувати

 1. Extra troops were brought in to help the army wear __________________ the guerillas.

2. Doris has already worn __________________ two pairs of pointes this year.

3. There was an initial excitement but it’s started to wear______________________________ __________________.

4. The stress at work and all the extra travelling is starting to wear him __________________.

5. The anaesthetic wears __________________ after a couple of hours.

6. The brake discs on the car have worn __________________ and need to be replaced.

7. He used to spend all day playing with his computer games, but the novelty soon wore __________________.

8. Look! The tread on this tyre has worn __________________.

9. The effects of the drug will soon wear __________________.

10. He wore __________________ two pairs of shoes last year.

TEST 18

 Study the table and complete the given sentences with the appropriate particles.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
work on/upon	to spend time working in order to produce or repair something; to try hard to improve something	впливати, мати вплив; пере­конувати
work out	to be the result of a mathematical calculation; to happen or develop in a particular way; to train the body by physical exercise	вирахувати, обчислити, визна­чити шляхом обчислення; розроблювати (план)
work through	to work without stopping for a period of time	працювати безупинно
work up to something	to develop or move gradually towards something, usually something more exciting or extreme	оброблювати; надавати завершеного вигляду

1. The music worked __________________ to a rousing finale.

2. His dancing technique is good, but he needs to work __________________ his fitness.

3. I got married later that year but it didn’t work __________________.

4. I began by jogging in the park and worked __________________ to running five miles a day.

5. That works __________________ to a 5.5% price decrease.

6. I often start at 7.30 and work __________________ until midnight.

7. The cost of a minibus works __________________ at Ј7 per person.

8. Pete loves working __________________ old cars.

9. Buying a new radio worked __________________ cheaper than repairing the old one.

10. The arrangement worked __________________ rather badly for Leo.

11. She’s based in the lab, working full-time __________________ a cure for AIDS.

12. I work __________________ regularly to keep fit.

TEST 19

Study the table and complete the given sentences with the appropriate particles.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
set about	to start doing something, especially something that uses a lot of time or energy	починати
set off	to start a journey	відправлятися, рушати в дорогу
set out	to leave a place and begin a journey; to start an activity, especially when you have already decided what you want to achieve	відправлятися (у подорож); виходити, виїжджати; мати намір, збиратися (що-небудь робити)
set up	to start a company or organization; to start working for yourself in your own company; to make a piece of equipment or a machine ready for use	засновувати; відкривати, започаткову­вати (яку-небудь справу); споруджува­ти, встановлювати, ставити

1. I hear John’s set __________________ as a freelance journalist.

2. I think you should set yourself __________________ as an interior designer.

3. He used to work for us but he’s since set __________________ on his own.

4. At the age of 29 he set __________________ a commercial property business.

5. What time are you setting __________________ tomorrow morning?

6. A committee has been set __________________ to investigate the problem.

7. It was quite sunny when we set __________________.

8. She’d set __________________ with the aim of becoming the youngest ever winner of the championship.

9. They said they’d set __________________ at about 7 o’clock, so they should be here soon.

10. I got home and immediately set __________________ cleaning the house.

11. Like so many young people before them, they set __________________ to change the world.

12. I’m just about to set __________________ for the station.

TEST 20

 Study the table and complete the given sentences with the appropriate particles.

Phrasal verb	Definition	Translation
keep on	to continue to do something, or to do something again and again	продовжувати (робити що-небудь); продовжуватися
keep up	to continue something at the same, usually high, level; to make something remain at a high level; to continue to use or practise something	триматися на колишньому рівні, не мінятися, не змінюватися; продо­вжуватися, не припинятися; продо­вжувати, не припиняти, не кидати
keep from	to prevent someone from doing something, especially work, by spending time with them	утримати від чого-небудь
keep in	to make a child stay at school or at home, especially as a punishment	залишати після уроків (у школі); удома

1. He was often kept __________________ after school for bad behaviour.

2. Well done! Keep __________________ the good work.

3. The doctor told me to keep her __________________ for a day or so until her temperature comes down.

4. Do you still keep __________________ your Spanish?

5. Well, I’d better go — I don’t want to keep you ________________________________________ your studies.

6. The enemy kept __________________ the bombardment day and night.

7. I keep __________________ thinking I’ve seen him before somewhere.

8. We’re having difficulty keeping __________________ our mortgage payments.

9. They sang songs to keep their spirits_ __________________.

10. She kept __________________ asking me questions the whole time.



Read the texts below. Match choices (A-E) to (1-2). There are two choices you do not need to use.

Write your answers on the separate answer sheet. An example (0) has been done for you.

WHY DO TEENS TAKE RISKS?

When teens drink or do other forbidden things, adults often say we aren’t thinking about the risks of unsafe behaviour. But a recent study shows that teens think things through far more than people realize. I wanted to know more, so I decided to interview Dr. Valerie Reyna, a Cornell University professor.

David Schmutzer

Interviewer: 0_________________

Dr. Valerie Reyna: The conventional wisdom has been that kids do these activities because they think they’re invulnerable and they’re going to live forever. The research has shown that’s not the case. In fact, teens think that they’re more vulnerable than adults think they are.

Teens actually take longer than adults to think about the risks and benefits of doing something dangerous. They even overestimate their risk. But then they decide the benefits — like peer acceptance — outweigh the risks. That’s why they engage in the risky behaviour.

Interviewer: 1_________________

Reyna: We used to think that you got to be an adult and you began to calculate risks more. But now the evidence suggests that you calculate less as you get older, and that’s why you don’t take risks.

The theory is that adults don’t need to go into the precise details and weigh them to make a decision. Instead, they base their decisions on their bottom-line “gist” of the situation.

Interviewer: 2______________

Reyna: There are certain situations that adults look at and they say, “Wow, we know how this situation is going to turn out before we hear the rest of the story.” For young people without experience, what happens can be a surprise.

For example, let’s say it’s prom night and some kids are renting a hotel room, there’s a lot of drinking going on, and there’s no adult supervision. Most adults won’t be surprised that there might be some behaviour problems in that situation: an adult immediately gets the gist. The bottom-line decision is that you don’t get into that situation. If you’re not in that situation, nothing bad will happen to you.

A What makes teens do risky things?

В How can public health officials help to inform teens?

C Why do some teens choose not to take risks?

D When do teens start making more adult decisions?

E What’s “bottom-line” decision-making?

Правильні відповіді: 0 — A; 1 — D; 2 — E

Непотрібні варіанти: В та C

Зразок позначення відповідей у бланку:

Як виконувати завдання на встановлення відповідності

·     Уважно прочитайте завдання-інструкцію.

·     Уважно прочитайте варіанти відповідей та підкресліть у кожному з них ключові слова.

·     Прогляньте наведені тексти та знайдіть, в якому з них йдеться про предмет запитання.

·     Тільки-но ви знайдете потрібний текст, прочитайте його уважно і підкресліть слова, які від­повідають варіанту, наведеному в завданні.

·     Пам’ятайте, що зазвичай слова у відповіді не будуть повторювати ті ж слова, що є у тексті. Тому шукайте синоніми, схожі вирази та перефразування.

·     Якщо завдання вимагає пошуку заголовка чи узагальнюючого запитання, швидко прочитайте текст або параграф і коротко сформулюйте його зміст своїми словами; потім продивіться список заголовків і знайдіть правильну відповідь. Переконайтеся, що заголовок чи питання узагальнюють увесь текст чи параграф, а не його частину.

·     Якщо завдання потребує заголовку для всього тексту, швидко прочитайте увесь текст, під­креслюючи головні ідеї, та сформулюйте свій заголовок тексту, після чого шукайте варіант відповіді у списку. Вам також стануть у нагоді загальні стратегії виконання тесту з читання.

 б) Завдання з вибором однієї правильної відповіді

Кожне завдання має чотири варіанти відповіді, з яких лише один є правильним.

У цьому типі завдання ви можете знайти початок речення, яке вам потрібно завершити, обравши один з чотирьох наданих варіантів, або вам ставиться запитання і вам потрібно обрати найкращу відповідь на нього із чотирьох можливих варіантів. Вас можуть попросити знайти в тексті факти або чиюсь особисту думку. Цей тип завдання може перевіряти ваше загальне розуміння тексту чи змусить вас шукати специфічну інформацію у тексті. Це означає, що ви самі маєте вирішити, який вид читання застосовувати: пошукове чи ознайомлювальне.

Приклад:

Read the text below. For question (1) choose the correct answer (А, В, C or D). Write your answer on the separate answer sheet. An example (0) has been done for you.

From The Sunday Times

KEEP CLICKING AND YOU’LL BE A SNAPPY THINKER

The net is making us good at quick decisions — but there is a cost

Brendan Montague and Helen Brooks

The internet is changing the way the human brain works, researchers have found. It is improving people’s ability to make snap decisions and filter large amounts of information — but at the cost of subtle skills such as picking up the nuances of facial expression.

Overall, a new study concludes, the brains of those tested were markedly more active when carrying out internet searches than when reading books.

However, the stimulation was concentrated in the areas that control decision-making and complex reasoning. Areas linked to abstract thinking and empathy showed virtually no increase in stimulation.

0 What approach was taken in the recent research to prove the influence of the internet on the human brain?

A The brains’ subtleties were tested.

В Abstract thinking was stimulated.

C Net-browsing was compared to reading.

D Some areas were simulated virtually.

1 According to the text, which of the following is true of the way the internet may improve the human brain?

A Our brains will be able to excel in subtle skills.

В Our brains will be able to take in a lot of information.

C Our brains will be able to respond fast to life options.

D Our brains will be able to do more complex tasks.

Правильні відповіді: 0 - C; 1 - C.

Як виконувати завдання з вибором однієї правильної відповіді

·       Уважно прочитайте завдання-інструкцію.

·       Швидко прочитайте усі запитання та варіанти відповідей:

— підкресліть ключові слова (ті, що дають вам найбільше інформації);

— намагайтесь визначити тему тексту, який ви будете читати, за допомогою слів, що використані у запитаннях;

— візьміть до уваги ілюстрації та діаграми, якщо вони супроводжують текст.

·       Поверніться до першого запитання та з’ясуйте: чи вам потрібна специфічна інформація чи запитання потребує загального розуміння всього тексту. Потім використайте пошукове чи ознайом­лювальне читання для вибору відповіді.

·       Прочитайте відповідну частину тексту дуже уважно та підкресліть у тексті слова, які містять відповідь на запитання.

·       Не залишайте жодного запитання без відповіді.

·       Уважно читайте запитання та вилучайте неправильні відповіді. Вам також стануть у нагод: загальні стратегії виконання тесту з читання на с. 330-331.

 в) Завдання на заповнення пропусків у тексті

У завданнях такої форми пропонується доповнити абзаци/речення в тексті реченнями/частинами речень/словосполученнями/словами із поданих варіантів.

Приклад:

Read the text below. Choose from (A-E) the one which best fits each of (1-2). There are two choices you do not need to use. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet. An example (0) has been done for you.

I FELT LIKE A STRANGER IN MY ADOPTED COUNTRY

I have been living in this country for ten years already. So 1 decided it was time to apply for citizenship. (0) A . It was to check my language skills and knowledge of the U.K. I had to buy a special book to find out a vast spectrum of novelties, such as children’s pocket money, how Christmas is celebrated and the structure of the government and the Royal Family.

(1)________ . The road where the Learning Centre is (where you take the exam) has two parts, separated by a huge roundabout, and traps such as narrow one-way lanes. (2) ________ .

A I made an appointment to take the exam in Bristol.

В  It was tightly secured with shutters, its signs badly damaged and surrounded by litter.

C I got lost in the maze of back streets trying to get back to the beginning.

D Going to Bristol was quite an event for me.

E I was looking for someone to advise me about this procedure.

Правильні відповіді: 0 — A; 1 — D; 2 — C

Непотрібні варіанти: В та E

Як виконувати завдання на заповнення пропусків у тексті

·    Уважно прочитайте завдання-інструкцію.

·    На відміну від інших форм завдань, роботу над цим завданням треба  починати з читання тексту, тому що робота одразу над варіантами заповнення пропусків може вас легко спантеличити.

·   Швидко прочитайте весь текст, щоб сформувати уявлення про тему тексту та мати змогу передбачити, якої інформації бракує у кожному пропуску.

·   Швидко прочитайте варіанти відповідей, підкресліть у них ключові слова, спробуйте зрозуміти, якої інформації у них бракує. Аналізуйте граматичну форму та лексичні одиниці, які можуть передувати або випливати з варіанту відповіді.

·   Обираючи варіанти, шукайте зв’язки між фразою або реченням для заповнення пропуску та текстом одразу перед чи після пропуску. Приділяйте увагу структурним зв’язкам, наприклад, займенникам, які містять посилання на іменники, що їм передують, або трапляються в тексті після пропуску.

·   Не ігноруйте прислівників або фраз, що з’єднують ідеї, наведені перед пропуском. Наприклад, слова ‘however’ або‘but’ вказують, що їм передує протилежна думка.

·   Не забувайте про граматичну правильність речення: вислів, який ви обрали для заповнення пропуску, має не тільки за змістом, а й граматично відповідати структурі всього речення/тексту.

·   Регулярно повертайтесь до тих варіантів, які ви вже обрали як правильні. Коли вам важко знайти наступну відповідь на заповнення пропуску, це може означати, що ви вже неправильно використали цей варіант раніше. Залишайте досить часу, щоб ще раз перевірити свої відповіді.

·    Вам також стануть у нагоді загальні прийоми виконання тесту з читання.

ПРИЙОМИ ЕФЕКТИВНОГО ЧИТАННЯ

Швидке читання

1. Перше, що треба зробити, починаючи виконувати тест з читання, це відповісти на питання: «Якою є загальна тема тексту або текстів?» Це можна зробити, якщо читати текст «по діагоналі». Подивіться на текст у цілому, на його заголовок, підзаголовок, малюнки чи фотографії, якщо вони є, та спробуйте передбачити, який його зміст. Швидко прогляньте кожен параграф, зупиняючись тільки на перших реченнях кожного абзацу. Перше речення зазвичай відображає головну ідею та дає вам уявлення про зміст усього параграфа. Таке швидке читання дасть вам інформацію про текст та очікуваний зміст кожної його частини.

2. По-друге, кожне питання містить ключ-підказку, де шукати відповідь у тексті. Тому, з огляду на це, варто не безладно шукати відповідь по всьому тексту, а використати науковий підхід. Знайдіть ключові слова або ідеї в запитанні, які містять або натякають на правильну відповідь. Зазвичай це іменники, дієслова, числівники або словосполучення, які, вірогідно, будуть повторюватись у тексті. Визначивши ключові слова, швидко знайдіть їх у тексті. Правильна відповідь має бути десь поряд.

Приклад:

Why are people attracted to online education?

Ключові слова запитання — ‘why’ та ‘attracted’. Знайдіть в тексті місце, що містить ці або схожі слова, і шукайте там правильну відповідь.

Інколи ключові слова запитання не повторюються в тексті. В такому разі шукайте загальну ідею запитання.

Числівники дуже допомагають при швидкому читанні тексту, оскільки їх легко помітити. Слушно також простежити, чи немає в тексті хронології подій, яку відбивають дати.

3. Коли знайдено місце в тексті, де йдеться про головну тему запитання, зосередьтесь на варіан­тах відповіді. Інколи варіант дослівно повторює частину параграфа, близьку до правильної відповіді. Однак не дайте ввести себе в оману: це може бути «пастка», що відвертає вашу увагу від правильної відповіді та перевіряє, наскільки глибоке та точне ваше розуміння тексту. Правильна відповідь, швидше за все, перефразовує або резюмує відповідну частину тексту, а не повторює її дослівно.

Ті варіанти відповідей, які ви вважаєте правильними, треба дуже уважно прочитати, щоб бути впевненими, що вони справді відповідають на запитання. Відповідь може бути фактично правильною, але вона повинна ВІДПОВІДАТИ НА ПОСТАВЛЕНЕ ЗАПИТАННЯ. Крім того, два варіанти можуть обидва здаватися коректними, тому важливо визначитися, який з них є НАЙКРАЩОЮ відповіддю на запитання. І нарешті, правильним варіантом є той, що відповідає змістові тексту, а не вашим припущенням чи знанням.

Деякі питання не мають ключових слів.

Приклад:

What is the author’s main point?

В такому разі шукайте ключові слова у варіантах відповідей. Потім знайдіть, де йдеться про це в тексті. Використовуючи швидке читання, ви зможете зекономити час на читання.

Інколи важко знайти відповідне ключове слово в запитанні, тоді варто знайти ключові слова для пошуку у варіантах відповідей. Часто варіанти відповідей можна знайти в одному параграфі, що швидко звузить ваш вибір.

Фокус параграфа

Зосередьте увагу на першому реченні кожного параграфа, яке є найважливішим. Воно зазвичай містить головну тему параграфа. Якщо зрозумілий зміст першого речення, зрозумілий і зміст всього параграфа. Читаючи запитання, визначіть, у якому параграфі міститься відповідь. Параграфи містять коротку тему, тож відповідь, якщо вона там є, знайти легко. Тому намагайтеся запам’ятати зміст перших речень параграфів, коли одразу від запитання ви переходите до пошуку відповідей у тексті. Такий підхід заощаджує час на виконання завдання.

Головна ідея тексту, як правило, міститься у всіх його параграфах, тоді як головна ідея параграфа може цілковито відрізнятися від головної ідеї кожного наступного параграфа, головна ідея всього тексту так чи інакше впливає на зміст усіх параграфів.

Приклад:

What is the main idea of the passage?

Для кожного варіанту відповіді визначте, скільки абзаців включає запитання. Можна підрахувати, скільки речень відповідають кожному варіанту, але краще з’ясувати, скільки параграфів стосують­ся відповіді, котру ви обрали. Зазвичай неправильні варіанти відповіді — це головні ідеї окремих параграфів, а не всього тексту. Тому важливо обирати той варіант, про який йдеться у більшості параграфів тексту.

Усувайте варіанти

Деякі з запропонованих варіантів відповіді можна швидко відкинути. Однак, якщо ви інтуїтивно відкинете правильну відповідь, ваші шанси впадуть до 0%. Відкидайте неправильну відповідь лише за умови, якщо це ваша найліпша вмотивована здогадка. Тоді варто ризикнути.

Наприклад, відповідаючи на такі питання, як: “the text indicates all of the following EXCEPT...”, швидко перегляньте текст, шукаючи згадку з кожного варіанту. Якщо згадка існує, викресліть цей варіант зі списку. Якщо варіанти схожі між собою, їх також можна викреслити.

Контекстуальні підказки

Шукайте ключі-підказки в тексті. Відповідь може бути об’єктивно правильною, але не хибною з огляду на зміст тексту та поставлене запитання. Саме контекстуальні підказки допоможуть вам знайти відповідь, яка є найбільш правильною.

Намагайтеся зрозуміти контекст, в якому існує певний вислів. Якщо завдання запитує про те, «що має на увазі» автор, або яке значення має та чи інша фраза в тексті (the implied meaning of a state­ment made in the text), одразу шукайте цей вислів та читайте контекст, в якому ця фраза вживається.

Приклад:

What does Small mean predicting that people will be “more autistic in tendency”?

Шукайте в тексті слова, які пояснюють тенденцію змін (tendency) та якісну характеристику цих змін (more autistic).Правильна відповідь, імовірно, перефразує ці слова з тексту.

Факт чи думка

Проаналізуйте, про що йдеться у запитанні: про факт чи про особисту думку? Пам’ятайте, що ті варіанти, які висловлюють факти, зазвичай не містять двозначних невизначених слів. Наприклад, такі слова, як “ordinary” або“acceptable”, не є типовими для фактичних тверджень, тому що для різних людей їхнє сприйняття є різним. Однак, якщо всі варіанти містять такі невизначені слова, перевірте контекст запитання.

Факти можуть висловлюватися у формі висновків дослідження, та їм передують такі слова, як “The scientistsbelieved that ...”. Власні думки часто асоціюють зі словами “thought, believed, under­stood, or wished”.

Протилежності

Ті варіанти відповідей, які є прямими протилежностями, зазвичай виявляються правильними. Параграф має свою логіку розвитку теми. Завдання може попросити вас зробити висновок щодо цієї логіки та наводить два схожих варіанти як протилежності.

Приклад:

A) increasing the interest rate will lead to a decrease in housing starts

B) increasing the interest rate will lead to an increase in housing starts

В реальному тесті не так легко визначити такі протилежності. Нехай вас не введуть в оману протилежні слова. Треба знайти значення в тексті та переконатися, що ці варіанти є справжніми протилежностями з незначною різницею у фразуванні. Якщо ви впевнені, що ці варіанти є протилежними, уважно їх вивчіть, перш ніж зробити вибір.

Робіть передбачення

Коли ви прочитали текст та завдання, намагайтеся передбачити, якою може бути відповідь, перш ніж прочитаєте варіанти відповідей. Пам’ятайте, що більшість варіантів є неправильними і спеціально створені як відволікаючий прийом, тож тільки-но ви їх прочитаєте, вони впливатимуть на ваш розум, намагаючись відволікти вас від правильної відповіді. Тому відразу після швидкого читання тексту та завдань зробіть передбачення щодо імовірної правильної відповіді. Потім прочитайте варіанти від­повідей та з’ясуйте, чи є серед них такі, що відповідають вашим передбаченням. Якщо так, будьте певними, що це і є правильний вибір.

Звісно, ви можете перевірити усі варіанти відповідей, якщо є час, але у більшості випадків цей підхід спрацьовує.

Відповідайте на запитання

Очевидно, що треба обирати тільки ті варіанти відповідей, які відповідають на поставлене запитання. Але інколи тест пропонує вам чудові варіанти відповідей, що є неправильними. Не треба обирати відповідь тільки тому, що вона добре виглядає, або ви вважаєте, що це — правда. Відповідь ПОВИННА ВІДПОВІДАТИ НА ЗАПИТАННЯ. Коли ви обрали свою відповідь, поверніться до запитання, перевірте, чи правильно ви його зрозуміли та чи відповідає ваш вибір на запитання.

Використовуйте орієнтири

Прочитайте перший варіант відповіді та з’ясуйте, правильна вона чи ні. Якщо ні, перейдіть до наступного варіанту. Якщо він виглядає вірогідним, запам’ятайте його. Це не означає, що ви зробили остаточний вибір: просто ви обрали найкращий варіант, який поки що знайшли. Перейдіть до наступного варіанту, і якщо він гірший за попередні, ідіть далі до наступної відповіді. Якщо цей варіант кращий за попередні, запам’ятайте його як вірогідну відповідь.

Читаючи далі список відповідей, ви подумки відзначаєте той варіант, який здається вам правиль­ним. Це — ваш новий стандарт. З ним ви порівнюєте усі подальші варіанти відповідей. Цей вибір є правильним доти, доки ви не знайдете кращого варіанту. Переконавшись, що кращого варіанту немає, ще раз перевірте, чи ваш вибір відповідає на поставлене запитання.

Нова інформація

Правильні відповіді зазвичай містять інформацію, що є в тексті. Дуже рідко правильна відповідь містить нові дані. Це може статися тільки тоді, коли завдання просить вас інтерпретувати текст.

Ключові слова

Шукайте ті варіанти відповідей, які містять ті ж ключові слова, що і запитання.

Достовірна інформація

Не відкидайте жодну інформацію, що міститься у тексті, особливо тоді, коли текст короткий. Кожна деталь може бути потрібною для визначення правильної відповіді. Інформація в тексті не має за мету ввести вас в оману (на відміну від варіантів відповідей). Якщо текст містить дві теми, які здаються непов’язаними, також не варто їх ігнорувати. Мабуть, існує якийсь зв’язок між ними, інакше б їх не включили до тексту. Ваша мета — встановити цей зв’язок та чи стосується він пи­тання, на яке ви відповідаєте.

Розрахунок часу

Якщо текст для читання містить багато незнайомих термінів, пропустіть їх та рухайтесь далі: вам потрібне загальне розуміння тексту, а не його переклад.

Коли в тексті є частина, важка для розуміння, найімовірніше вона не дуже важлива і її можна пропустити. Витрачайте час на читання таких частин тексту, тільки коли ви впевнені, що вони важливі для відповіді на питання. Намагайтеся зрозуміти важкі фрази, тільки коли немає іншого виходу знайти правильну відповідь.

Визначте форму кожного питання. Зазвичай те, як воно сформульоване, може підказати вам, треба одразу шукати відповідь у тексті чи можна вжити логічні міркування. Визначте для себе, які питання є найбільш важкими для вас особисто, а які потребують менше часу, та дійте з викорис­танням відповідних стратегій.

ТЕХНІЧНІ ПРИЙОМИ ДЛЯ ВИДАЛЕННЯ НЕПРАВИЛЬНИХ ВІДПОВІДЕЙ

Сленг, або жаргон

Відповіді, які звучать нейтрально чи науково, значно кращі для вибору, ніж ті, що висловлені на жаргоні.

Екстремальні твердження

Уникайте відповідей, які проголошують дуже спірні, радикальні ідеї як незаперечний факт.

Схожі відповіді

Якщо дві відповіді є прямо протилежними, одна з них є правильною. Якщо три відповіді є схо­жими між собою, то четверту можна видалити.

Приклад:

A) Plan I or Plan II can be conducted at equal cost

B) Plan I would be less expensive than Plan II

C) Plan II would be less expensive than Plan I

D) Neither Plan I nor Plan II would be effective

Три перші відповіді є схожими, тому що стосуються ціни, тоді як четверта говорить про ефектив­ність і, очевидно, не є правильною.

Маркери

Коли завдання потребує зробити висновок, шукайте слова-«маркери», наприклад: likely, may, can, will often,sometimes, etc, often, almost, mostly, usually, generally, rarely. Автори завдань використовують такі слова, щоб забезпечити різні можливості. Часто відповідь є помилковою тільки тому, що не залишає місця для винятків. Уникайте варіантів, які містять ультимативні слова, такі як “exactly” та “always”.

Приклад:

Animals live longer in cold places than animals in warm places.

Цей варіант відповіді є помилковим, тому що існують винятки, коли у певному теплому кліматі тварини живуть довше, а ця відповідь не залишає жодної можливості для існування винятків. Правильна відповідь, як правило, містить маркери, які допускають існування виключень:

Приклад:

In severe cold, a polar bear cub is likely to survive longer than an adult polar bear.

Ця відповідь є правильною, тому що не тільки відповідає змісту параграфу, а й допускає винятки завдяки слову-маркеру “likely”, яке припускає випадки, коли дитинча білого ведмедя протримається в холоді не довше, ніж доросла тварина.

Питання щодо значення слів у тексті

Коли вас питають, в якому значенні вжито у тексті певне слово чи фразу, не намагайтесь згадати знайоме вам значення цього слова. Таке питання виникає саме тому, що це слово чи фраза мають в цьому тексті незвичайне контекстуальне значення. Зверніться до тексту та за допомогою контек­стуальних підказок визначіть правильну відповідь. Не треба одразу вдаватися до вибору популярного значення слова, яке вам давно знайоме.

Слова-організатори тексту

Пам’ятайте про слова, які організують логіку тексту та сигналізують про зміну напряму міркувань або думки. Ці слова — універсальні й містяться у текстах різної тематики. Найуживанішим з таких слів є слово “but”. Ось приклади інших слів такого характеру: although, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, even though, while, in spite of, despite, regardless of.

Уникайте «фактичних пасток»

Як тільки ви визначили в якому параграфі йдеться про запитання, сфокусуйте на ньому свою увагу. Але будьте уважними, щоб не обрати відповідь, яка фактично є вірною щодо змісту параграфу, але не відповідає на запитання. Ви маєте знайти відповідь на поставлене запитання, навіть коли воно стосується невеликої деталі з параграфу. Не втрачайте фокус пошуку, коли натрапите на варіант відповіді, що стосується інших деталей змісту параграфу. Завжди перевіряйте, чи обраний вами варіант дійсно відповідає на питання, а не є просто правильним твердженням.

Тестові завдання з читання: практикум

ЗАВДАННЯ 1

Read the text below. Match choices (A-H) to (1-5). There are two choices you do not need to use.

Write your answers on the separate answer sheet. An example (0) has been done for you.__________________________________________

AGAINST SCHOOL DRESS CODES

From LoveToKnow Teens

If you are against school dress codes, you are not the only one. Many students hate the restrictions administrators place on them every year. Learn ways you can deal with these clothing attire guidelines in this article.

0 A________________

You may not care why school officials created some of the dress codes, but understanding why they exist may help you feel a little better about them. One of the biggest reasons for these guidelines on clothing attire is to make sure everyone comes to school dressed appropriately as to not offend other students. If there were no rules, some students would wear t-shirts with controversial messages or not wear much clothing at all. Keeping students focused on their classes, rather than what the person next to them is wearing, is one of the biggest reasons for dress codes.

1____________________________

Unfortunately, the fight against dress codes is difficult. Many times it can be hard to sway administrators to make changes to their policy. However, you can try some things that could help you gain some leeway as far as your clothing goes.

2____________________________

Become familiar with all of the rules. You may find some of them are outdated and could use an update. This will also help your case when you start talking to administrators.

3_______________________ ____

Set up a meeting with your principal to discuss exactly what you believe is unfair about the policy. Ask him or her for suggestions on how you can have certain guidelines changed.

4____________________________

If other students agree with you, enlist their help in your campaign in having the policy changed. Write a short introduction about what changes you would like to see on a piece of paper and then have other students sign it.

5 _____________________________

If there are board meetings you can attend, make a point to go with a parent. Making yourself known by people that create the rules will help you gain some advantage.

A Understand School Dress Codes В Become Involved

C Read Policy

D Start a Petition

E Update the Rules

F Have a crack at it

G Start Picketing

H Communicate with Administrators

ЗАВДАННЯ 2

Read the text below. For (1-5) choose T if the statement is true according to the text, F if it is false.

FIREFIGHTER SPEAKS AFTER 10 YEARS OF BEING MUTE & BRAIN DAMAGED

By CAROLYN THOMPSON, Associated Press

ORCHARD PARK, N.Y. — Nearly 9 1/2 years after a firefighter was left brain-damaged and mostly mute during a 1995 roof collapse, he did something that shocked his family and doctors: He asked for his wife. Staff members of the nursing home where Donald Herbert has lived for more than seven years raced to get Linda Herbert on the telephone.

It was the first of many conversations the patient had with his wife, four sons and other family and friends Saturday during a 14-hour stretch, Herbert’s uncle Simon Manka said. “How long have I been away?” Herbert asked. “We told him almost 10 years,” the uncle said. “He thought it was only three months.”

Herbert, who will turn 44 Saturday, was fighting a house fire Dec. 29, 1995, when the roof collapsed, burying him under debris. After going without air for several minutes, Herbert was comatose for 2 1/2 months and has undergone therapy ever since.

News accounts in the days and years after his injury describe Herbert as blind and with little, if any, memory. Video shows him receiving physical therapy but apparently unable to communicate and with little awareness of his surroundings.

Manka declined Monday to discuss his nephew’s current condition, or whether the apparent progress was continuing this week. The family was seeking privacy while doctors evaluated Herbert, he said. “He’s resting comfortably,” the uncle said.

As word of Herbert’s progress spread, a steady stream of visitors arrived at the Father Baker Manor nursing home in this Buffalo suburb. “He stayed up ‘til early morning talking with his boys and catching up on what they’ve been doing over the last several years,” firefighter Anthony Liberatore told WIVB-TV, Herbert’s sons were 14, 13, 11 and 3 when he was injured.

Staff members at the nursing facility recognized the change in Herbert, Manka said, when they heard him speaking and “making specific requests.” “The word of the day was 'amazing,’” he said.

Dr. Rose Lynn Sherr of New York University Medical Center said when patients recover from brain injuries, they usually do so within two or three years. “It’s almost unheard of after 10 years,” she said, “but sometimes things do happen and people suddenly improve and we don’t understand why.”

Manka said visitors let Herbert set the pace of the conversations and did not bring up the fire in which he was injured. “The extent and duration of his recovery is not known at this time,” Manka said. “However we can tell you he did recognize several family members and friends and did call them by name.”

There have been a few other widely publicized examples of brain-damage patients showing sudden improvement after a number of years. In 2003, an Arkansas man, Terry Wallis, returned to consciousness 19 years after he was injured in a car accident, stunning his mother by saying “Mom” and then asking for a Pepsi. His brain function remained limited, his family said months later.

Tennessee police officer Gary Dockery, who was brain damaged in a 1988 shooting, began speaking to his family one day in 1996, telling jokes and recounting annual winter camping trips. But after 18 hours, he never repeated the unbridled conversation of that day, though he remained more alert than he had been. He died the following year of a blood clot on his lung.

http://www.mswm.org/amazing_pets_stories/humans/humansamazingliumans.storiesan)azinghumans.index.htm

0 Donald Herbert spoke with Linda Herbert just after a roof collapsed in 1995. (F)

1 Donald Herbert was unconscious during almost 10 years in the hospital.

2 Herbert was in his mid thirties when he got injured by the collapsed roof.

3 There was evidence that Herbert could not talk, see and remember what had happened to him.

4 Father Baker is one of Herbert’s visitors who spread the word about his progress.

5 Though amazed, the doctors know some reasons to explain improvement of his condition.

6 Herbert’s uncle gave the Associated Press journalist some facts of his nephew’s recovery.

7 Herbert’s story is quite rare, but it is not a single case of a patient’s coming to oneself after a long period in a coma.

ЗАВДАННЯ 3

Read the text below. For questions (1-5) choose the correct answer (А, В, C or D). Write your answer on the separate answer sheet. An example (0) has been done for you.

From The Sunday Times

October 26, 2008

KEEP CLICKING AND YOU’LL BE A SNAPPY THINKER

The net is making us good at quick decisions - but there is a cost

Brendan Montague and Helen Brooks

The internet is changing the way the human brain works, researchers have found. It is improving people’s ability to make snap decisions and filter large amounts of information — but at the cost of subtle skills such as picking up the nuances of facial expression.

Overall, a new study concludes, the brains of those tested were markedly more active when carrying out internet searches than when reading books.

However, the stimulation was concentrated in the areas that control decision-making and complex reasoning. Areas linked to abstract thinking and empathy showed virtually no increase in stimulation.

Gary Small, director of the memory and ageing research centre at the University of California, Los Angeles, who carried out the research, said that, while computers have marked benefits in stimulating the brain, their use needed to be moderated.

There was a possibility, he argued, that the saturation use of digital technology could lead to long-term evolutionary change.

“Young people are growing up immersed in this technology and their brains are more malleable, more plastic and changing than with older brains,” said Small.

“The next generation, as [Charles] Darwin suggests, will adapt to this environment. Those who become really good at technology will have a survival advantage — they will have a higher level of economic success and their progeny will be better off.”

Small is to publish his findings in the American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. He has set out his arguments in more depth in a new book, iBrain.

His claims reignite the debate about the effects of technology on the brain. Some scientists have blamed computer games for the growth of attention deficit disorder among children.

Small scanned the brains of 24 volunteers. He found that browsing websites stimulated the frontal, temporal and cingulate areas of the brain, which control complex reasoning. Older users and those who had not previously tried the internet all showed similar effects.

Baroness Greenfield, director of the Royal Institution and author of ID: The Quest for Identity in the 21st Century, said: “The hypothesis in iBrain is that natural selection will weed out people with brains that are more emotional or more capable of abstract thought and that we will be left with people who are more autistic in tendency. I would agree.”

However, Igor Aleksander, emeritus professor of neural systems engineering at Imperial College London, said: “It may be that by using the internet you stimulate different parts of the brain. However, it would be difficult to show this could not be achieved through other situations.”

0 What approach was taken in the recent research to prove the influence of the internet on the human brain?

A The brains’ subtleties were tested.

В Abstract thinking was stimulated.

C Net-browsing was compared to reading.

D Some areas were simulated virtually.

1 According to the text, which of the following is true of the way the internet may improve the human brain?

A Our brains will be able to excel in subtle skills.

В  Our brains will be able to take in a lot of information.

C Our brains will be able to respond fast to life options.

D Our brains will be able to do more complex tasks.

2 Why does Gary Small believe that the use of computers should be moderated?

A Not all areas of our brain react similarly on the internet activity.

В The intensive use of computers may have far-reaching effects.

C The evolution of digital technology may take a long time to occur.

D The next generation will change faster than the people today.

3 Why does the author mention the fact that some scientists have blamed computer games for the growth of attention deficit disorder among children?

A To show that he condemns the use of computer games by kids.

В To prove that there is no consensus among the researchers.

C To illustrate the findings of Gary Small in the brain stimulation.

D To debate with the belief that technology gives a survival advantage.

4 What does Small mean predicting that people will be “more autistic in tendency” (line 29)?

A People will avoid social interaction.

В  People will be focused on emotions.

C People will have deficit of attention.

D People will tend to abstract thinking.

5 What is the opinion of Igor Alexander on the conclusions made by Small?

A He is skeptical about them.

В He takes them for granted.

C He disagrees with them.

D He is tentative about them.

ЗАВДАННЯ 4

 Read the text below. For (1-5) choose T if the statement is true according to the text, F if it is false.

Write your answers on the separate answer sheet. An example (0) has been done for you.

FUNDRAISING FOR THE DEVELOPING WORLD

School Events Raising $$

By Lacey Dionne

Thousands of students participate at school in events and projects that fundraise to help the less-fortunate in the developing world. From national UNICEF-sponsored programmes to projects put on by a single individual, young Canadians are working to make a difference in the lives of millions of poor, sick or abused men, women and children. Here is one young Canadian’s experience with a 30-Hour Famine school fundraiser...

One of the best memories I have from high school was participating in a WorldVision 30-Hour Famine fundraiser. I attended high school in a small village in New Brunswick named Plaster Rock. It’s one of those towns where everyone knows everyone. So something like the 30-Hour Famine is going to draw a lot of attention in a small village like that. And did it ever. Some parents were mad because they didn’t want their children to go that long without food so they weren’t even allowed to participate.

I vividly remember how much fun we had. After handing in our sponsor sheets with the donations that had been pledged by our family, neighbours and friends, we had a meeting in the school lobby to officially start “the fast”. Everyone who wasn’t participating was eating around us just to rub it in our faces. But we didn’t care. We knew it was all for a good cause.

That night there was a Much Music video dance at the high school and everyone doing the famine went because we weren’t allowed to leave the school property. Time flew by because everyone was so busy dancing and having a good time socializing with each other. It was a typical party. The boys got into fights and tried to show off for the girls by hitting each other. Girls were breaking up with their boyfriends and hooking up with other guys. It’s funny how cranky some people get when they have empty stomachs. But it was also a great way to get to know people better and to make new friendships with others sharing the experience.

After the dance, the student council had arranged for us to watch movies in the lecture theatre all night. My group of friends lay on the gymnastic mats on the floor and watched sappy chick flicks. And playing hide and seek in an old, dark school was fun too. No one seemed to care they were going without food until 3 a.m. came around.

When you’re on the famine, you are only allowed to drink juice and water. But nothing with a lot of nutritious value. Nobody seemed to mind they had gone all day without food.

The next morning everyone woke up to screaming and hollering. The boys had decided to throw cold water on us. How typical is that. The rest of the 30 hours was spent watching movies and running around the school. Everyone by this point was super hungry but we didn’t care. We had too much fun doing the Famine to care. Just as everyone was getting ready to leave, student council brought in party pizzas.

Everyone ran to the pizzas which of course lasted about five minutes. The famine was labeled a huge success and everyone had lots to talk about at school that Monday morning.

http://www.fazeteen.com/reallife/aidsinafrica/fundraiser.htm

0 Fundraising initiatives can be put forward by anyone who wants to help the less- fortunate people.(T)

1 Everyone in the town approved of the pupils’ staying without food as it was all for a good cause.

2 The participants of the event had donated some cash to the developing world before they officially started the famine.

3 Being committed to the idea, those who were on the famine were not tempted by those who were eating around them.

4 When at a dance party, the kids on the famine were eccentric yet open to enjoyment and new experience.

5 Despite staying without food for 30 hours, the high school pupils did not mind doing the famine longer.

ЗАВДАННЯ 5

 Read the text below. For questions (1-5) choose the correct answer (А, В, C or D). Write your answer on the separate answer sheet. An example (0) has been done for you.

PRACTICE SAFE CHATTING ON THE NET!

By Waleed Ahmed

In this world of the online communities and other adventures to discover, it is natural for all the kids to be interested in getting on the bandwagon. It is but natural for them to be interested in knowing about what goes on in the World Wide Web. But for those who are at the tender age of below their teens, it is important to be cautious before they get going! Kids of the under 12 age should be discovering this interesting internet world of online communities and international chatting under parental guidance and instructions.

It is a learning experience for sure to be chatting with old friends and making new ones. But some times you may fall in the wrong trap. You may fall in the hands of bad guys or perverts who are not there for some healthy chatting but for other mean purposes. So what is it that, you kids should do to make sure you are in a safe environment and having some healthy fun while chatting with friends.

Tell your parents whatever you are doing online. This is very important and will help in your parents guiding you to the good chatting sites.

Chat with kids your age and not adults. Make sure that you do not give away too much information to the other kids. Discuss the information to be given away before hand with your parents.

Try and chat about educational things like science projects, interactive learning etc. you could also chat about the culture of your friend if he/she is from another country.

Keep a look out and if suspicious about anything then inform your parents instantly.

Never make any other contact except for on the net. Do not give away phone numbers etc without your parents verifying the other child’s credentials.

Never receive any obscene videos or pictures from others and if they try to entice you in to these things, inform your parents and stop chatting with them.

Chat only from your computer and never from your phone etc.

Never make chatting a habit. It should be a healthy hobby that should transpire in to a learning experience for you.

Chat within limits set by your parents. Don’t lie to them and chat beyond the time constraints set by them.

So make safe and healthy chatting a part of your chatting routine and you will see that you enjoy it. Overdoing anything is bad!

0 What is the author’s main point?

A Kids should be wary of chatting online.

В  Kids should ask parents for advice.

C Kids should follow certain rules online.

D Kids should have skills to chat online.

1 In stating that kids are “interested in getting on the bandwagon” (line 2), the author means that ______.

A They want to join the online community.

В They want to discover travel opportunities.

C They want to experience an adventure trip.

D They want to know what goes on in the world.

2 According to the text, which of the following is true of chatting on the net?

A Chatting online is healthy and fun.

В Chatting can lead kids into danger.

C Chatting online is safe for kids.

D Chatting online is harmful for kids.

3 What does the author advise to kids who are going to chat?

A Provide clear information about yourself.

В Verify your chat partner’s credentials.

C Meet your online contacts personally.

D Discuss your online activities with parents.

4 What does the author mean saying that overdoing anything is bad (last line)?

A Too much chatting can be bad to kids.

В Too much enjoyment can be bad to kids.

C Too much supervision can be bad for kids.

D Too much information can be bad for kids.

5 The text supports which of the following conclusions?

A Chatting online should be restricted for kids under 12.

В  Chatting online should become kids’ daily routine.

C Chatting online should bring enjoyment not harm.

D Chatting online should become an international hobby.

ЗАВДАННЯ 6

Read the text below. For (1-5) choose T if the statement is true according to the text, F if it is false. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet. An example (0) has been done for you.

MEET ERIN CROCKER, RACE CAR DRIVER

By Susan Brody

Erin Crocker first got behind the wheel of a car at the age of six. Even though it was a go-cart, it was still a motorized vehicle! The following year, she started racing quarter-midgets—cars scaled down to one-quarter the size of midget race cars—and she hasn’t taken her foot off the accelerator since.

Erin, 27, became only the 11th female driver to compete in the NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) Busch Series, considered the “minor leagues” to the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series, the highest level of professional competition and home to the Daytona 500. The Wilbraham, Mass, native also races in the NASCAR Truck Series, which features pickup trucks. Currently, Erin is one of two women racing in NASCAR where speeds can reach 190 M.P.H. and races are won by milliseconds. But being a pioneer isn’t new to Erin; she has been competing in the male-dominated sport of racing since she was seven. “My father was into cars and had my older brothers involved in racing,” she said. “I loved sports and always wanted to be outside, so I just sort of got involved too.”

Get involved she did. After graduating from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute with an engineering degree in 2003, Erin became the first woman to qualify for the Knoxville Nationals (driving a 410 sprint car) and was named the 2003 Knoxville Nationals Rookie of the Year. Most recently, she has become the first woman to join the Evernham Motorsports driver development program which positions her to ascend to the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series. “I’m living my dream right now,” Erin said. “I worked really hard to get here, but this opportunity (with Evernham) is the greatest.”

While Erin was growing up, cars weren’t the only things that kept her busy. Between races, she found time to play on her high school soccer, tennis and lacrosse varsity teams as well as be a member of the ski team.

For girls interested in racing, Erin only offers words of encouragement. “There are a lot of opportunities for women in the sport right now. Many companies are hoping they can be on board when the first woman wins a race.” (In NASCAR, racers need the help of corporate sponsors to pay for their cars, equipment, crew, etc.)

While Erin’s got her eye on the future, she’s also focused on the here and now. “I want to get to the next level, which is obviously the Sprint Cup Series, but as of now, I am definitely living my dream and there really aren’t too many people who can say that.”

0 Erin started her racing experience with driving a kart.

1 She took to racing because the men in her family were keen on cars.

2 Currently it is not unusual that women compete with men in racing.

3 Racing was the only sport she enjoyed and went in for.

4 The companies would rather sponsor a woman race car driver than a man.

5 She is doing a hard job but she is absolutely happy with it.

Синоніми

TEST 1

Study the use of the synonyms.

Word	Definition	Translation
see (saw, seen)	to perceive with the eyes;	бачити, дивитися; спостерігати;
watch	to look at or observe atten­tively over a period of time	спостерігати, стежити, наглядати;
notice	to become aware of	помічати; звертати увагу;
look	to direct one’s gaze in a specified direction	дивитися; оглядати; виглядати

Choose the best variant of answer.

1. She laughed when she __________________ the expression on his face.

A watched      В saw  C noticed        D looked

2. Tourists __________________ quietly as the villagers performed a traditional dance.

A noticed        В seen C watched      D looked

3. Dan __________________ at his watch.

A looked         В watched      C saw  D noticed

4. I __________________ that the door was open.

A saw  В watched      C looked         D noticed

5. I spent most of the morning __________________ for my passport.

A looking        В seeing          C watching     D noticing

6. Did you __________________ how pale he looks?

A see   В watch          C notice          D look

7. Millions __________________ the match on television.

A saw             В watched      C looked         D noticed

8. Didn’t you __________________ him talking to her earlier?

A look В notice          C see   D watch

9. I think our house is being __________________.

A seen             В looked         C watched      D noticed

10. Susannah __________________ at herself in the mirror.

A saw  В looked         C watched      D noticed

11. Richard doesn’t __________________ his age at all.

A watch          В look C notice          D see

12. He __________________ about twenty.

A saw  В watched      C noticed        D looked

TEST 2

Study the use of the synonyms.

Word	Definition	Translation
gaze	to look steadily and intently, especially in admiration, surprise, or thought	пильно дивитися (на - at, on); вдивлятися
glance	to take a brief or hurried look; read quickly or cursorily;	кинути оком, глянути побіжно, зиркнути
peep	to look quickly and furtively at something, especially through a narrow opening	заглядати; дивитися примружившись (at, into);дивитися крізь маленький отвір (through);підглядати
stare	to look fixedly or vacantly at someone or something with one’s eyes wide open	пильно дивитися; витріщати очі (на когось - at,upon)

Choose the best variant of answer.

1. He __________________ at her in amazement.

A peeped В stared     C glanced       D gazed

2. Ginny __________________ at her watch.

A peeped        В stared          C glanced       D gazed

3. I __________________ through your personnel file last night.

A gazed          В stared          C glanced       D peeped

4. He lay on the bed __________________ up at the ceiling.

A staring         В glancing      C gazing         D peeping

5. The sun began to __________________ out.

A glance         В peep            C stare            D gaze

6. Her grey eyes __________________ back at him.

A glanced       В peeped        C stared          D gazed

7. He could only __________________ at her in astonishment.

A peep                        В star  C gaze             D glance

8. Robyn sat __________________ into space, her mind numb.

A staring         В glancing      C peeping       D gazing

9. She tried to __________________ through the gates to see the garden.

A gaze            В glance          C peep            D stare

10. His head __________________ out from under the blanket.

A glanced       В stared          C gazed          D peeped

11. We __________________ in wonder at the scene before us.

A gazed          В glanced       C peeped        D stared

12. His door was ajar and she couldn’t resist __________________ in.

A gazing         В staring         C peeping       D glancing

TEST 3

Study the use of the synonyms.

Word	Definition	Translation
walk	to go on foot for recreation and exercise	ходити; іти пішки
stride (strode, stridden)	to walk with energy and confidence	широко ступати (крокувати)
stroll	to walk without hurrying, often for pleasure	прогулюватися; бродити
march	to walk in a military manner with a regular measured tread	марширувати

Choose the best variant of answer.

1. You can __________________ in 21,000 acres of moorland.

A stroll            В walk                        C stride           D march

2. She __________________ onto the platform.

A strolled        В strode          C walked        D marched

3. I was __________________ along the river when I saw an incredible thing.

A walking       В marching     C strolling       D striding

4. Has your little boy learned to __________________ yet?

A walk                        В stroll            C stride           D march

5. A tall dark figure was __________________ up the path.

A strolling       В marching     C walking       D striding

6. I like to __________________ around the lake at sunset.

A stroll            В walk                        C stride           D march

7. They made us __________________ for hours.

A stroll            В walk                        C stride           D march

8. We are __________________ confidently towards the future.

A striding       В marching     C walking       D strolling

9. I didn’t hurry. I __________________ around the city.

A walked        В strolled        C strode          D marched

10. He told the sergeant to __________________ us for another five miles.

A stroll            В march          C stride           D walk

11. She __________________ over without hurry to join them.

A walked        В strolled        C strode          D marched

12. Alison __________________ through the entrance exam with little difficulty.

A walked        В marched      C strode          D strolled

TEST 4

Study the use of the synonyms.

Word	Definition	Translation
sit (sat, sat)	to rest on your bottom, as you do when you are on a chair	сидіти
set (set, set)	to put things ready to use	ставити, класти; поміщати; розставляти; установлювати; розташовувати, розміщувати
seat	to arrange for (someone) to sit somewhere	саджати, садовити; сідати, посідати; забезпечувати стільцями

Choose the best variant of answer.

1. He __________________ himself behind his desk.

A set   В sat    C seated

2. It’s a traditional country house hotel, __________________ in its own parklands.

A seated         В sat    C set

3. Six of us were __________________ around the table talking.

A set   В sitting          C seated

4. __________________ still without moving while I brush your hair, Lucy.

A Seat В Set   C Sit

5. The general __________________ them to his right.

A set   В sat    C seated

6. The bookcase was __________________ into the wall.

A sat   В set    C seated

7. They __________________ in silence, unable to look at each other.

A seated         В set    C sat

8. Our house is __________________ back from the road.

A set   В seated          C sat

9. The new stadium will __________________ up to 80,000 people.

A set   В sit    C seat

10. You’ll never get anywhere if you don’t __________________ yourself any goals.

A sit    В seat  C set

11. The suspect has been accused of __________________ the restaurant on fire.

A sitting          В seating         C setting

12. The state’s youngest delegate to the convention was __________________ today.

A seated         В set    C sitting

TEST 5

Study the use of the synonyms.

Word	Definition	Translation
live	to have your home somewhere	жити; існувати; проживати
house	to provide with shelter or accom­modation; provide space for	давати притулок, забезпечувати житлом; поселити; селитися, жити (в будинку); поміщати
inhabit	to live in or occupy (a place or environment)	жити, мешкати, населяти
reside	to have one’s permanent home in a particular place	проживати, мешкати, перебувати; належати (про право)

Choose the best variant of answer.

1. The islands are __________________ by 177,000 people.

A resided        В housed        C inhabited

2. A large number of families are still waiting to be __________________.

A housed        В inhabited     C resided

3. Paris is a nice place to __________________.

A house          В live  C reside

4. The club is __________________ in a magnificent 16th-century building.

A housed        В resided        C inhabited

5. She __________________ in the strange world of the media celebrity.

A houses         В lives             C inhabits

6. Do you still __________________ at home?

A house          В reside          C live

7. We can __________________ you and your friends if the hotels are full.

A reside          В inhabit         C house

8. He __________________ at 10 Railway Terrace.

A resides         В inhabits       C houses

9. They __________________ in a basement flat in South London.

A lived            В resided        C housed

10. They __________________ their old books in the attic.

A inhabit         В house           C live

11. The woods are __________________ by many wild animals.

A inhabited     В resided        C housed

12. He spent most of his time in Rutherglen, where his family __________________.

A inhabited     В resided        C housed

TEST 6

Study the use of the synonyms.

Word	Definition	Translation
politics	the activities associated with the governance of a country or other area	політика; політичне життя; політичні переконання
policy	a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by an organization or individual	політика — лінія поведінки, настанова, курс; розсудливість; спритність, хитрість

Choose the best variant of answer.

1. He entered __________________ at the age of 21.

A policy

В politics

2. It’s our __________________.

A politics

В policy

3. What is the party’s __________________ on immigration?

A politics

В policy

4. Now that I’m self-employed, I don’t have to worry about office __________________.

A policy

В politics

5. She’s heavily involved in local __________________.

A politics

В policy

6. The company has set out its __________________ for future mineral development.

A politics

В policies

7. The party is trying to exploit the __________________ of class envy.

A policy

В politics

8. Her __________________ became more conservative as she grew older.

A policy

В politics

9. The government has undertaken to formulate new anti-racist __________________.

A politics        В policies

10. Many people feel that their interests are not represented by mainstream __________________.

A policy          В politics

11. The new government is expected to pursue a vigorous environmental __________________.

A politics        В policy

12. Let’s not talk about __________________ now.

A policy          В politics

TEST 7

 Study the use of the synonyms.

Word	Definition	Translation
principle	a standard or rule of personal conduct	засада, принцип; норма, правило; доктрина; головне правило; першопричина, причина
principal	adj. first in order of importance; n. the most important or senior person in an organization or group	головний, основний principal sum — основний капітал; провідний

Choose the best variant of answer.

1. Excellent customer service should be our guiding __________________.

A principle

В principal

2. The __________________ aim of the project is to provide an answer to this question.

A principal

В principle

3. It was against their __________________ to join the armed forces.

A principals

В principles

4. It is a basic __________________ of English law that a person is innocent until proven guilty.

A principle

В principal

5. The salary is good, but that is not the __________________ reason I accepted the job.

A principle

В principal

6. He seems to have absolutely no __________________.

A principles

В principals

7. The show had eight __________________ and more than twenty dancers.

A principles

В principals

8. Bennett stuck to his __________________, and refused to name the source of his principals.

A principals

В principles

9. We are opposed on __________________ to any collaboration with terrorists.

A principle      В principal

10. There are some basic issues of __________________ relating to the debate about abortion.

A principal      В principle

11. Windmills differ in design, but all operate on exactly the same __________________.

A principle      В principal

12. Her interests might conflict with those of her __________________.

A principals    В principles

TEST 8

Study the use of the synonyms.

Word	Definition	Translation
rise (rose, risen)	to go upwards; to get up	підніматися; вставати; сходити (про сонце); підвищуватися, збільшуватися, зростати (про ціни); просуватися (соціальними сходами); набувати ваги (впливу) (в суспільстві); повставати
raise (raised)	to lift up or make something higher; to gather together the money or people needed for something	піднімати; ставити, порушувати (питання); споруджувати (будинок тощо); вирощувати (рослини); розводити (худобу); ростити, виховувати (дітей); добувати; виховувати; вирощувати

Choose the best variant of answer.

1. He could hardly __________________ the injured arm at all.

A raise

В rise

2. The airplane __________________ slowly into the air.

A raised

В rose

3. A number of children __________________ their hands.

A rose

В raised

4. With a shaky hand he slowly __________________ the cup to his lips.

A raised

В rose

5. A column of thick black smoke could be seen __________________ from the town.

A rising           В raising

6. They couldn’t __________________ the vessel because of bad weather.

A raise            В rise

7. As the sun __________________ in the sky the temperature climbed.

A rose             В raised

8. They had __________________ their prices to unreasonable levels.

A raised          В risen

9. Duncan felt the hairs __________________ on the back of his neck.

A raise            В rise

10. We need your help to __________________ money for urgent medical research.

A rise              В raise

11. Bubbles __________________ to the surface of the liquid.

A rise              В raise

12. Are there any other questions you would like to __________________ at the meeting?

A rise  В raise

TEST 9

Study the use of the synonyms.

Word	Definition	Translation
lie (lied)	to say something that you know is not true	брехати
lie (lay, lain)	to rest with your body flat, as it is in bed	лежати; бути розташованим; простяга­тися; полягати (у чомусь); залежати (від чогось)
lay (laid, laid)	to put something down; to produce an egg	класти, покласти (on); покладати (надії тощо); повалити; прим’яти (посіви); прибити пил; накривати, стелити; на­кладати (фарбу); класти (яйця), нестися

Choose the best variant of answer.

1.__________ the baby on her back.

A Lain            В Lie   C Lay

2. We __________________ flowers on her grave once a week.

A lay   В lie    C laid

3. He had to________ about his age to get into the army.

A lay   В lie    C lain

4. He___________ his coat across the arm of the chair.

A lay   В laid  C lied

5. The project is intended to __________________ the groundwork for future research.

A lain  В lie    C lay

6. She was_________ on the bed watching television.

A lie    В laying          C lying

7. The village________ in a valley.

A laid  В lay   C lied

8. Will you__________ the table while I get breakfast?

A lie    В lye   C lay

9. She admitted __________________ to the police.

A lie    В laying          C lying

10. Go and_________ on the bed until you feel better.

A lain  В lie    C lay

11. This goose __________________ very big eggs.

A lays  В lyes  C lies

12. Carmen ________ her head against my shoulder and fell asleep.

A laid  В lay   C lain

TEST 10

 Study the use of the synonyms. Choose the best variant of answer.

Word	Definition	Translation
consequently	as a result	отже, тому, в результаті
moreover	as a further matter; besides	до того ж, крім того
otherwise	in circumstances different from those pres­ent or considered; or else; in other respects; apart from that; in a different way	інакше, по-іншому, іншим способом
although	in spite of the fact that; even though	хоч; коли б навіть; незважаючи на те, що
though	despite the fact that; although; however	все-таки, проте, однак, втім; хоч, хоча, незважаючи на; навіть якщо б
furthermore	in addition; besides	до того ж; крім того
therefore	for that reason; consequently	тому, отже; до такої міри
thus	as a result or consequence of this; therefore; in this way	так, отже, таким чином; тому; так, наприклад

1. They’ve increased the number of staff and __________________ the service is better.

A moreover     В otherwise    C consequently

2. Mr Brown has earned the respect of farmers everywhere. _______, they know they can trust him.

A Although    В Moreover    C Furthermore

3. We must hurry; __________________ we’ll miss the train.

A although      В therefore     C otherwise

4. More and more people are opposed to the idea of increasing university fees. ________________ , there is now evidence that it discourages many students from coming to the UK.

A Moreover    В Although     C Consequently

5. The new boots are lighter and softer, and __________________ more comfortable to wear.

A moreover     В therefore     C furthermore

6. __________________ he’s got a good job now, he still complains.

A Although    В Thus                        C Moreover

7. __________________ we are only a small country, we have a long and glorious history.

A Consequently         В Otherwise   C Though

8. You’re in love with Robert. It does no good to pretend __________________.

A moreover                В thus             C otherwise

9. I no longer have the support of the committee. I have __________________ decided to resign.

A therefore     В furthermore             C otherwise

10. She used to call me ’Tiny’, __________________ I was at least as tall as she was.

A thus             В moreover     C although

11. It was also a highly desirable political end. ___________, it gave the English a door into France.

A Although    В Otherwise   C Furthermore            D Therefore

 12. Burke knocked out Byrne, __________________ becoming champion.

A thus             В furthermore             C otherwise    D although

TEST 11

 Study the use of the synonyms.

Word	Definition	Translation
accuse	to charge (someone) with an offense or crime	обвинувачувати (в чомусь - of);висувати обвинувачення
blame	to say that some other person or thing is the cause of something bad that has happened	ганити; вважати винним
indict	to formally accuse or charge (someone) with a seri­ous crime	обвинувачувати; висувати обвинувачення; віддавати до суду (за -for)
incriminate	to strongly imply the guilt of (someone)	обвинувачувати (в злочині), інкримінувати
charge	to formally accuse (someone) of something, espe­cially an offence under law	обвинувачувати (особливо в порушенні закону)

Choose the best variant of answer.

1. Two men have been __________________ in connection with the fire.

A accused       В charged       C blamed

2. Organizers __________________ the weather for the low turnout.

A incriminate  В blame          C accuse

3. Her employers __________________ her of theft.

A accused       В blamed        C charged

4. He was __________________ for crimes against humanity.

A accused       В blamed        C indicted

5. Be careful you don’t say anything to __________________ yourself.

A incriminate  В charge         C accuse

6. The hospital has launched an inquiry to find out who was to __________________ for the mistake.

A blame          В accuse         C indict

7. The Governor has been __________________ on 23 criminal counts including fraud.

A accused       В indicted       C charged

8. No __________________ evidence was found.

A incriminating          В accusing      C blaming

9. Crime is a complex issue — we can’t simply __________________ poverty and unemployment.

A blame          В accuse         C indict

10. If it all goes wrong, don’t __________________ me.

A incriminate              В blame          C charge

11. Are you __________________ me of lying?

A blaming       В charging      C accusing

12. You can’t __________________ all your problems on your family.

A indict          В accuse         C blame

TEST 12

Study the use of the synonyms. Choose the best variant of answer.

Word	Definition	Translation
fed up	annoyed or upset at a situation or treatment	надокучати, набридати
fill up	to complete (a form, application, etc.); to make or become completely full fill-up; the act of filling something completely, esp the petrol tank of a car	наповнювати(ся); заповнювати

1. I’m __________________ with this job.

A filled up

В fed up

2. Jenny __________________ my glass with champagne.

A fed up

В filled up

3. She’d got __________________ with waiting and gone home.

A fed up

В filled up

4. They __________________ with cakes and sandwiches.

A fed me up

В filled me up

5. I’m __________________ to the back teeth with him.

A filled up

В fed up

6. If you’re hungry, __________________ on pasta or rice.

A fill up

В fed up

7. I am __________________ with being put down and made to feel stupid.

A fed up

В filled up

8. I’m __________________ with your conduct.

A filled up

В fed up

9. He had become __________________ with city life...

A fed up

В filled up

10. When you are happy about yourself you won’t need to _________ yourself________ with food.

A fill up

В fed up

11. I’ m just __________________ and I don’t know what to do.

A filled up

В fed up

12. Potatoes __________________ without overloading us with calories.

A fill up          В fed up